Sayed Khattari
Abstract
This
study was conducted to determine the herbage production of five rangeland
reserve in southern
Hifzi Abu - Blan, A. Al - Momany & J. Al – Jaafreh
Abstract
The objective of this study was to
determine the host range and inoculum sources of
cucumber powdery mildew in Ghor El-Safi area,
Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca
fuliginea are identified in the area, where the
second pathogen is reported for the first time in
Though no perfect stage of these fungi was found in this study, the imperfect stage (conidia) of powdery mildew was present throughout the year on cultivated crops and/or weed species in fields or in plastic houses ensuring inoculum supply during the year. Out of 15 plant species tested for host range, E. cichoracearum was able to produce disease symptoms on 7 of the species. S. fuliginea was also able to cause the disease on 8 out of 11 plant species tested. While both pathogens failed to infect loofa and snapdragon, they were able to incite the disease on squash and cucumber but differ in their reaction towards the rest of the species tested.
Keywords: Host range, survival, powdery
mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Erysiphe cichoracearum,
Abstract
Postharvest losses of different pepper and squash varieties grown in open fields in the Jordan Valley and Uplands were studied at farm, transport, wholesale, and retail levels. The percentages of postharvest losses were measured quantitatively in three sites at each level and repeated three times in each growing area. Results showed high percentages of losses at the farm, transport, and retail levels in both growing areas. The magnitude of postharvest losses were 22.6 % and 23.0% in peppers and 23.1% and 21.9 % in squashes in the Jordan Valley and the Uplands, respectively. Postharvest losses observed in peppers and squashes from both growing areas could be attributed to mishandling of the product and to inappropriate manipulation of environmental conditions that surround the product. The high percentages of losses and the accelerated yield losses were aggravated by many factors such as temperature, long distance from the markets, and rough rural roads. Recommendations were suggested for reduction of postharvest losses.
Key words: Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.); Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.); Handling; Harvesting; Losses; Postharvest; Quality.
Khaled Khleifat, Merza H. Homady & Khaled A. Tarawneh*
Abstract
The effect of administration of freshly prepared ethanolic exctract of Ferula hormonis to intact prepubertal male mice was studied on the histology of colon. The intragastric adminstration of 3mg /animal/day of this extract for six weeks resulted in colon adenocarcinoma. Most of the glandular lining cells show hyperchromatism.
Keywords:
colon, extract, gland, histology, mice, mucin.
Abdullah Ibrahim& Faiez AL-Ani
Solid state fermentation was performed by cultivation of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus on fixed amount of moisten raw and chemically pretreated tomato pomace. It was found that the best chemical pretreatment of tomato pomace was with 5% (v/v) ammonia at 100°C as the protein content increased from 5.6 to 8.1% and the cellulose / lignin ratio increased from 4.6 to 5.9 after fermentation with P.ostreatus. The best solid: liquid: ratio (pomace: water) in the culture was 1:5 and the optimum inoculum size was 6% (w /w) as the protein content increased from 5.6 to 10.4 and 10.5% and the cellulase activity increased from 0 to 0.7 and 1.4u/g respectively under these optimum conditions. Yeast extract was the best nitrogen source for biodegradation as it gave the highest protein production 9.8%, increased cellulose / lignin ratio from 4.6 to 7, gave maximum cellulase enzyme activity (5.1u/g) and the highest production of reducing sugars (14.1%) as compared with the other nitrogen sources namley ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride and urea. The optimum incubation time was 7 weeks as the protein increased to 14.4%.
Bromate selection system was found to be a very specific system
where only specific novel type of genes participating in Aspergillus nidulans
nitrate assimilation pathway were identified. Genetic recombination analysis
indicate that there are two novel putative nitrite transporters independent from
the nitrate transporters and these were designated as Brn strains. For the purpose of generating the highest ratio
of mutants with Brn phenotypes i.e. bromate resistant nitrate and nitrite utilizing, both uric
acid and histidine were found to be the best sole N-
sources of choice to use. However, uric acid was serving as the best N-source
when selection was performed at 37°C whereas, histidine was acting as the best N-source when selection was
performed at 25°C whatever the mutagenic treatment. Furthermore, the obtained
results indicated that both the N-source and the selection temperature have an
obvious influence on the ratio of the genotypes of mutants
selected.
Ghassan J. M. Kana’n, Hanan A. Qaseer & Arab K. El-Qisairi,
Mukarram H. Zaghal,&Heyam A. Al-Najar
Abstract
cis-Dichloro(2,2`-biquinoline)palladium(II), cis-[Pd(biq)Cl2], appears to be one of the most powerful mutagenic compounds yet discovered. Mutations in at least eleven genes can result in potassium chlorate and/or bromate resistance in Aspergillus nidulans. Various proportions of mutants from all types of generated chlorate resistant ones were obtained. The variation in proportion of different mutant classes was highly dependent on whether or not a chemically induced mutagenesis was employed and also on which nitrogen source is serving as sole N-source with the toxic substance for selection. The three basic amino acids (histidine, lysine, and arginine) were the only servants, that were capable of generating various mutant types when selection was performed at 25° C, and were capable to generate mutants carrying double resistance to chlorate and bromate whether or not the mutagen was used. The greatest proportion of generated mutants was for niaD mutants. The next highest proportion of mutants was for nirA group while niiA gene the closer neighbor to niaD gene is less prone to mutations than niaD. The treatment, the N-source and the selection temperature significantly affect the generation of crn mutants. The proportion of cnx mutants is far from that of niaD mutants and is positively affected by the basic amino acids. Concerning cnx heterokaryons complementation groups, cnxF group was much commoner among the rest and this was significantly dependent on the servants basic amino acids used for selection whether or not a mutagen was used.
قسم الإنتاج الحيواني، كلية الزراعة، جامعة مؤتة ، الأردن
In both years. No. (and %) of pregnant goats kidding twins, triplets, quadruplets and quintuplets in both years were 6 (24 %), 8 (32 %). 15 (20 %) and 3 (12 %) respectively. Kidding rates (and prolificacy rates) in 1st, 2nd and control goats were 86 % (290 %), 100 % (250 %) and 100 % (220 %) respectively.
Number. of experimental ewes (and %) lambing twins and triplets were only 5 (33.3 %) and 1 (6.67 %) in both years respectively. Lambing rates (and prolificacy rates) were 93.3 % (150 %), 93.3 % (110.7 %) and 90 % (114.8 %) in 1st, 2nd and overall control ewes respectively. Chi-square analysis showed very highly significant differences in kidding (or lambing) and prolificacy rates for both years (p<0.001), since no. of goats or ewes (and prolificacy rates) responded to treatments were 23 (271.4 %) and 42 (131 %) respectively.
It may be concluded that Damascus goats responded much better (p<0.001) to PMSG hormones than Awassi ewes especially in prolificacy traits.
أسماعيل خليل إبراهيم & سليم سالم الطالب
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different methods of feed restriction, starting from one week old for 10 days followed by 18 days period of ad lib feeding, on the occurrence of compensatory growth in growing chicks.
64 one-week old light hybrid male chicks were used. They were reared in individual cages. The chicks were wing banded and allocated at random into 4 dietary treatments (Control, adlibtum feeding, 12 % protein diet :adlibtum feeding , total restriction : chicks were given 40 % of their daily allowance, Energy restriction : chicks were given 50 % of their daily metabolizable energy requirements). Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates .At the age of 7,17, and 35 days, 4 chicks were taken at random from each dietary treatment to determine their body composition: dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy.
At the age of 17 days, the results indicated that all methods of feed restriction employed caused a significant (p<0.01) reduction in weight gain and total feed consumption. However, protein restriction and total restriction caused a significant (p<0.01) deterioration in feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. Both energy and total restriction caused a significant decrease (p>0.01) in dry matter, ether extract and gross energy, and a significant increase (p>0.01 ) in protein body contents compared with the same traits of birds from the control group or those given the 12% protein diet .
At the age of 35 days , the results indicated that the total weight gain of energy restricted and refed birds was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the control group, while the total weight gain of restricted and refed birds from other treatments did not differ significantly from that of the control group.
Furthermore, feed conversion ratio of birds subjected to all types of feed restriction was significantly (p<0.01)than that of the control group. Body composition of birds from any of the restricted treatment did not differ significantly from that of the control group.
The results of the present study indicate the occurrence of compensatory growth upon the return to adlibtum feeding following a period of feed restriction. However, the ability of chicks to compensate depends on the severity of feed restriction they were subjected to.
نضال ادريس سليمان وميسلون الدوري ونهلة المولى
قسم البيولوجي، كلية التربية ابن الهيثم،جامعة بغداد، العراق
Abstract
A comparative ecological study was carried out on river Diyala, AL-Kalis and Saria streams. Samples were collected monthly starting from October 1992 to August 1993. The results revealed the concentration ranges of Nitrate, Phosphate, Chloride, Calcium and Magnesium to be similar to (that of other Iraqi) rivers, as compared with the studied streams Diyala water contained higher hardness Phosphate, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium and Chloride.
A total of (184) taxa were identified, (5) of them where new to the Iraqi Flora list.The number of identified algal taxa was 155,125,134 taxon in Diyala river, AL-Kalis and Saria streams, respectively. In the three water streams the algal composition of the three studied sites was similar according to Jaccard similarity index. The algal density showed two peaks during the study period the first was In winter at all studied sites, and was dominated by diatoms. The 2nd appeared in summer at Diyala river and Saria stream, with a dominance of the green and blue green algae. The second peak in AL-Kalis stream was in autumn.
The results also indicated species belonging to the genera Diatoma, Cyclotella, Fragilaria, Nitzschia, and Navicula were present through out the study period in all the three sites.